Evaluation of laser technology as a cleaning method for tempera mural painting
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37558/gec.v28i1.1450Keywords:
laser cleaning, wall painting, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO4, conservationAbstract
Mural painting, as a (semi-)exposed element of cultural heritage, is subjected to various agents and undergoes diverse forms of deterioration, such as the appearance of deposits, crusts, etc., which may compromise its stability. Therefore, conservation interventions are essential to safeguard the significance of mural paintings. Since the 1970s, laser technology has proven to be an effective tool for cleaning materials employed in cultural heritage. This research evaluates the application of three laser systems (Er:YAG, Nd:YAG y Nd:YVO4) for the removal of a layer of soot on tempera mural paintings mock-ups that has been accelerated aged with SO2 exposure. Tempera mock-ups were prepared in the laboratory mixing inorganic pigments with organic binders and applying the paint onto a to calcium carbonate-based mortar. Findings revealed both the protective role of the binder and the effectiveness of different laser strategies (by modifying frequency and/or fluence) in removing soot deposits while preserving the pictorial layer.
Downloads
References
ANDREOTTI, A., COLOMBINI, M.P., NEVIN, A., MELESSANAKI, K., POULI, P., FOTAKIS, C., (2006). Multianalytical Study of Laser Pulse Duration Effects in the IR Laser Cleaning of Wall Paintings from the Monumental Cemetery of Pisa. Laser Chem. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2006/39046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2006/39046
ASMUS, J.F., MURPHY, C.G., MUNK, W.H., (1974). Studies On The Interaction Of Laser Radiation With Art Artifacts, in: Wuerker, R.F. (Ed.), Developments in Laser Technology II. SPIE, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.953831 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.953831
BACCI, M., PICOLLO, M., PORCINAI, S., RADICATI, B., (2000). Tempera-Painted Dosimeters for Environmental Indoor Monitoring: A Spectroscopic and Chemometric Approach. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 2859–2865. https://doi.org/10.1021/es991437d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es991437d
BORDALO, R., MORAIS, P.J., YOUNG, C.R., SANTOS, L.F., ALMEIDA, R.M., (2012). Characterisation of laser-induced physical alterations of pigmented oil layers. E Preserv Sci 9: 47–59.
BRACCO, P., LANTERNA, G., MATTEINI, M., NAKAHARA, K., SARTIANI, O., DE CRUZ, A., WOLBARSHT, M.L., ADAMKIEWICZ, E., COLOMBINI, M.P., (2003). Er:YAG laser: an innovative tool for controlled cleaning of old paintings: testing and evaluation. J. Cult. Herit. 4: 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01232-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01232-3
BRAND, J., RODE, A.V., MADDEN, S., WAIN, A., KING, P.L., RAPP, L., (2022). Ultrashort pulsed laser ablation of granite for stone conservation. Opt. Laser Technol. 151, 108057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108057
CAMAITI, M., MATTEINI, M., SANSONETTI, A., STRIOVA, J., CASTELLUCCI, E., ANDREOTTI, A., COLOMBINI, M.P., DECRUZ, A., PALMER, R., (2007). The interaction of laser radiation at 2.94 µm with azurite and malachite pigments, in: Castillejo, M., Moreno, P., Oujja, M., Radvan, R., Ruiz, J. (Eds.), Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII: Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VII (LACONA VII), Madrid, Spain, 17-21 September, 2007. CRC Press: Taylor&Francis Group, London, 253–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203882085.ch40
CARDELL, C., HERRERA, A., GUERRA, I., NAVAS, N., RODRÍGUEZ SIMÓN, L., ELERT, K., (2017). Pigment-size effect on the physico-chemical behavior of azurite-tempera dosimeters upon natural and accelerated photo aging. Dyes Pigments 141: 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2017.02.001
CASTILLEJO, M., MARTÍN, M., OUJJA, M., SANTAMARÍA, J., SILVA, D., TORRES, R., MANOUSAKI, A., ZAFIROPULOS, V., VAN DEN BRINK, O.F., HEEREN, R.M.A., TEULE, R., SILVA, A., (2003). Evaluation of the chemical and physical changes induced by KrF laser irradiation of tempera paints. J. Cult. Herit. 4: 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01143-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01143-3
CIE S014-4/E:200, 2007. Colorimetry-part 4: CIE 1976 L* a* b* colour space. Comm. Int. Eclairage CIE Cent. Bur. Vienna.
COCOZZA, C., D’ORAZIO, V., MIANO, T.M., SHOTYK, W., (2003). Characterization of solid and aqueous phases of a peat bog profile using molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, ESR and FT-IR, and comparison with physical properties. Org. Geochem. 34: 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(02)00208-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00208-5
GASPARD, S., OUJJA, M., MORENO, P., MÉNDEZ, C., GARCÍA, A., DOMINGO, C., CASTILLEJO, M., (2008). Interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with tempera paints. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255: 2675–2681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.07.205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.07.205
GORDON SOBOTT, R.J., HEINZE, T., NEUMEISTER, K., HILDENHAGEN, J., (2003). Laser interaction with polychromy: laboratory investigations and on-site observations. J. Cult. Herit. 4: 276–286. https://doi.org/0.1016/S1296-2074(02)01147-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01147-0
HERRERA, A., NAVAS, N., CARDELL, C., (2016). An evaluation of the impact of urban air pollution on paint dosimeters by tracking changes in the lipid MALDI-TOF mass spectra profile. Talanta 155: 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.006
MOKRZYCKI, W., TATOL, M., (2011). Color difference Delta E - A survey. Mach. Graph. Vis. 20: 383–411.
ORTIZ, P., ANTÚNEZ, V., ORTIZ, R., MARTÍN, J.M., GÓMEZ, M.A., HORTAL, A.R., MARTÍNEZ-HAYA, B., (2013). Comparative study of pulsed laser cleaning applied to weathered marble surfaces. Appl. Surf. Sci. 283: 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.06.081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.06.081
OUJJA, M., POULI, P., DOMINGO, C., FOTAKIS, C., CASTILLEJO, M., (2010). Analytical Spectroscopic Investigation of Wavelength and Pulse Duration Effects on Laser-Induced Changes of Egg-Yolk-Based Tempera Paints. Appl. Spectrosc. 64: 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370210791211628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1366/000370210791211628
OUJJA, M., SANZ, M., REBOLLAR, E., MARCO, J.F., DOMINGO, C., POULI, P., KOGOU, S., FOTAKIS, C., CASTILLEJO, M., (2013). Wavelength and pulse duration effects on laser induced changes on raw pigments used in paintings. Spectrochim. Acta. A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 102: 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.001
PACHECO, F., (1990). El arte de la pintura. Cátedra, Madrid, España.
Pereira-Pardo, L., Korenberg, C., 2018. The use of erbium lasers for the conservation of cultural heritage. A review. J. Cult. Herit. 31, 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.10.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.10.007
POULI, P., EMMONY, D.C., MADDEN, C.E., SUTHERLAND, I., (2003). Studies towards a thorough understanding of the laser-induced discoloration mechanisms of medieval pigments. J. Cult. Herit. 4, 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01207-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01207-4
POULI, P., NEVIN, A., ANDREOTTI, A., COLOMBINI, P., GEORGIOU, S., FOTAKIS, C., (2009). Laser assisted removal of synthetic painting-conservation materials using UV radiation of ns and fs pulse duration: Morphological studies on model samples. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255: 4955–4960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.12.049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.12.049
RICCIARDI, M., PIRONTI, C., COMITE, V., BERGOMI, A., FERMO, P., BONTEMPO, L., CAMIN, F., PROTO, A., MOTTA, O., (2024). A multi-analytical approach for the identification of pollutant sources on black crust samples: Stable isotope ratio of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. Sci. Total Environ. 951, 175557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175557
SIANO, S., SALIMBENI, R., (2010). Advances in Laser Cleaning of Artwork and Objects of Historical Interest: The Optimized Pulse Duration Approach. Acc. Chem. Res. 43: 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar900190f DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ar900190f
TEULE, R., SCHOLTEN, H., VAN DEN BRINK, O.F., HEEREN, R.M.A., ZAFIROPULOS, V., HESTERMAN, R., CASTILLEJO, M., MARTÍN, M., ULLENIUS, U., LARSSON, I., GUERRA-LIBRERO, F., SILVA, A., GOUVEIA, H., ALBUQUERQUE, M. B. (2003). Controlled UV laser cleaning of painted artworks: a systematic effect study on egg tempera paint samples. J. Cult. Herit. 4: 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01137-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01137-8
UROSEVIC, M., YEBRA-RODRÍGUEZ, A., SEBASTIÁN-PARDO, E., CARDELL, C., (2012). Black soiling of an architectural limestone during two-year term exposure to urban air in the city of Granada (S Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 414: 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.028
VAN DEN BRINK, O.F., EIJKEL, G.B., BOON, J.J., (2000). Dosimetry of paintings: determination of the degree of chemical change in museum-exposed test paintings by mass spectrometry. Thermochim. Acta 365: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00609-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00609-2
ZHAO, B., LIANG, X., LI, T., LV, X., ZHANG, S., (2022). Impact of fuel aromatic content on soot particle physicochemical properties of marine auxiliary diesel engine. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29: 84936–84945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21716-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21716-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- Copyright and intellectual property belongs to author. Author guarantees editing and publishing rights to Ge-Conservación Journal, under a Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows others to share the work with authorship and the original source of publication acknowledgement.
- Articles can be used for scientific and educational purposes but never for commercial use, being sanctioned by law.
- The whole content of the article is author’s responsibility.
- Ge-Conservación Journal and authors may establish additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the work version published at the Journal (for example, on institutional repositories or on a book) with acknowledgment of the original publication on this Journal.
- Author is allowed and encouraged to disseminate his works electronically (for example, on institutional repositories or on its own website) after being published on Ge-Conservación Journal. This will contribute for fruitful interchanges as also for wider and earlier citations of the author’s works.
- Author’s personal data will only be used for the Journal purposes and will not be given to others.



