Evaluation of the Efficiency of Polymethyl Methacrylate/Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate (MMA/HPMA) Copolymer for the Conservation of Mural Paintings

Mahmoud Sayed Korany; Wael Sabry Mohamed

Autores

Mahmoud Sayed Korany Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Luxor University, Luxor, Egypt. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6384-0910
Wael Sabry Mohamed Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-7620

Palavras-chave:

necrópole tebana, microscopia eletrónica de varrimento, têmpera, microclima, cheias repentinas, consolidação

Resumo

Este estudo investiga as pinturas murais da tumba TT81 da 18.ª Dinastia, pertencente a Ineni, na necrópole tebana, classificada como Património Mundial da UNESCO, no Egito. Analisa-se a composição, a estrutura e as técnicas das camadas murais, bem como os principais padrões de deterioração e os fatores que para eles contribuem. A estratigrafia, os detalhes da camada pictórica e a microestrutura foram avaliados através de observação em corte estratigráfico, estereomicroscopia e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento. A difração de raios X permitiu identificar pigmentos e cargas, e a ATR-FTIR foi utilizada para determinar o aglutinante pictórico. Foi avaliada a eficiência do copolímero de polimetilmetacrilato/hidroxipropilmetacrilato (MMA/HPMA) na consolidação de pinturas murais sujeitas a alterações microclimáticas súbitas. Amostras tratadas com 1%, 2% e 3% de copolímero foram analisadas por microscopia, colorimetria e medições do ângulo de contacto com a água. Os resultados revelaram uma têmpera de cola animal com azul egípcio, ocres verde, vermelho e amarelo, e negro de fumo. A deterioração prévia incluía alterações de cor, fissuração, destacamentos, vandalismo e intervenções anteriores com resina–óleo. O copolímero a 2%–3% consolidou eficazmente as camadas, melhorou a resistência à água e minimizou as alterações visuais.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografias Autor

Mahmoud Sayed Korany, Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Luxor University, Luxor, Egypt.

Mahmoud Sayed Korany is a member of the academic staff in the Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Luxor University. He holds an M.A. and a Ph.D. in Archaeological Conservation from Cairo University. He has supervised M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses in archaeological conservation and has published extensively in international peer-reviewed journals. He also serves as a reviewer for several international journals and as an editorial board member of a number of academic periodicals. He is the author of several books and has taught courses on the conservation and restoration of archaeological artifacts through part-time appointments at various faculties and institutes. In addition, he has participated in national and international research projects on cultural heritage preservation and management. He has also taken part in several restoration projects of historic buildings and in the conservation of museum artifacts, as well as in numerous archaeological excavation missions within and outside Egypt. Moreover, he is a member of the expert committees responsible for inspecting architecturally significant historic buildings and for developing conservation and management plans for archaeological sites in Egypt.

Wael Sabry Mohamed, Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

Wael Sabry Mohamed is a Professor in the Department of Polymers and Pigments at the National Research Centre. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Stuttgart, Germany, specializing in the application of nanotechnology in polymers. He has served as principal investigator for numerous internal scientific projects and participated in several external and international projects. He has supervised many M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses and has authored over 100 publications in high-impact international journals. He has also presented at numerous international conferences, both in Egypt and abroad.

Referências

BD EL-TAWAB, N.A. & ABU EL-HASSAN, R. (2021). ‘Technical examination and state of conservation of wall painting at the Theban tomb TT15 at Dra’ Abu El-Naga Necropolis, Western Thebes, Luxor, Egypt’, International Journal of Conservation Science, 12(4): 1391–1406.

ABDELAAL, S. (2018). ‘New approach for the study of wall paintings in Abu El-leaf monastery, Fayoum Oasis, Egypt’, International Journal of Conservation Science, 9(3): 429–438.

ABDEL-KAREEM, O. & NASR, H. (2010). ‘Enhancing the long-term durability of historical wool textiles using water dispersed nano polymers’, Journal of American Science, 6(10): 1186–1194.

ABDEL-MAKSOUD, G., ABDALLAH, A., YOUSSEF, R., ELSAYED, D., LABIB, N., MOHAMED, W.S. & IBRAHIM, M. (2024). ‘Evaluation of the efficiency of polyacrylamide and poly(MMA-HEMA) for the consolidation of vegetable-tanned leather artifacts’, Pigment & Resin Technology, 53(3): 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-02-2022-0014.

ADAIKALAM, K., VIKRAMAN, D., LEE, D.-H., CHO, Y.-A. & KIM, H.-S. (2024). ‘Optical and UV shielding properties of inorganic nanoparticles embedded in polymethyl methacrylate nanocomposite freestanding films’, Polymers, 16(8): 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16081048.

ALEMAM, E. (2021). Cleaning of wall paintings by polyvinyl alcohol–borax/agarose (PVA–B/AG) double network hydrogels: Characterization, assessment, and applications. PhD thesis. University of Antwerp, Faculty of Design Sciences, Belgium.

ALI, M.F., EL-SHAFEY, H. & MAHMOUD, H.M. (2021). ‘Multianalytical techniques of Al-Bīmāristān Al-Mu’ayyidi mural painting at historic Cairo: Contribution to conservation and restoration’, Scientific Culture, 7(2): 33–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4465494.

ALI, N.A. (2021). ‘Zinc oxide on polymethyl methacrylate prepared by pulsed laser deposition in artistic and aesthetic application’, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64(9):4791–4795. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2021.49047.3003.

ALI, U., KARIM, K.J. BT. A. & BUANG, N.A. (2015). ‘A review of the properties and applications of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)’, Polymer Reviews, 55(4): 678–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2015.1031377.

BAIZA, B., GIL, M., GALACHO, C., CANDEIAS, A. & GIRGINOVA, P.I. (2021) .‘Preliminary studies of the effects of nanoconsolidants on mural paint layers with a lack of cohesion’, Heritage, 4(4): 3288–3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040183.

BECHERINI, F., DURANTE, C., BOURGUIGNON, E., LI VIGNI, M., DETALLE, V., BERNARDI, A. & TOMASIN, P. (2018). ‘Aesthetic compatibility assessment of consolidants for wall paintings by means of multivariate analysis of colorimetric data’, Chemistry Central Journal, 12(98). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0465-7.

BRIGGS, P.C. & JIALANELLA, G.L. (2010). ‘Advances in acrylic structural adhesives’, in D.A. Dillard (ed.) Advances in Structural Adhesive Bonding. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing,132–150. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845698058.1.132.

COLOMBINI, M.P. & MODUGNO, F. (2009). ‘Organic materials in art and archaeology’, in Colombini, M.P. & Modugno, F. (eds.) Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

CORTEA, I.M., GHERVASE, L., RATOIU, L., ȚENTEA, O. & DINU, M. (2024) .‘New insights into the materials and painting techniques of ancient wall paintings from the Roman province of Dacia: A minimally invasive multi-method approach’, Heritage, 7(9): 5268–5294. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7090248.

DARWISH, S. (2013). ‘Evaluation of the effectiveness of some consolidants used for the treatment of the 19th century Egyptian cemetery wall painting’, International Journal of Conservation Science, 4(4): 413–422.

DEMAS, M. & AGNEW, N. (eds.) (2012). Valley of the Queens: Assessment Report. Volume 1: Conservation and Management Planning. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.

DERRICK, M.R., STULIK, D. & LANDRY, J.M. (1999). Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. Available at: https://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892364696.html

DOEHNE, E. & PRICE, C.A. (2010). Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.

DZIOBEK, E. (1992). Das Grab des Ineni: Theben Nr. 81. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

EMARA, A.S. & KORANY, M.S. (2016). ‘An analytical study of building materials and deterioration factors of Farasan heritage houses, and the recommendations of conservation and rehabilitation (German House case study)’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216: 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.021.

FARMAKALIDIS, H., DOUVAS, A., KARATASIOS, I., SOTIROPOULOU, S., BOYATZIS, S., ARGITIS, P., CHRYSSOULAKIS, Y. & KILIKOGLOU, V. (2016). ‘Accelerated thermal ageing of acrylic copolymers, cyclohexanone-based and urea-aldehyde resins used in paintings conservation’, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 16: 213–228. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.163773.

HASSAN, R. & MOHAMED, W.S. (2017). ‘Effect of methyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer on optical and mechanical properties and long-term durability of paper under accelerated ageing’, International Journal of Conservation Science, 8(2): 237–250.

HEMEDA, S. (2021). ‘Geo-environmental monitoring and 3D finite elements stability analysis for site investigation of underground monuments: Horemheb tomb (KV57), Luxor, Egypt’, Heritage Science, 9(17). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00487-3.

JIMÉNEZ-DESMOND, D. & POZO-ANTONIO, J.S. (2025). ‘Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) database of historical pigments: A comparison between ATR-FTIR and DRIFT modalities’, Applied Sciences, 15, 3941. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073941.

KAVDA, S., GOLFOMITSOU, S. & RICHARDSON, E. (2023). ‘Effects of selected solvents on PMMA after prolonged exposure: Unilateral NMR and ATR-FTIR investigations’, Heritage Science, 11(63). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-00881-z.

KORANY, M.S. & ELHAZMY, M.A. (2019). ‘Traditional architecture in Jazan region: A study of the most important factors of deterioration and proposals for restoration and conservation (Abu Soma Palace case study)’, Tourism and Archaeology Journal, 31(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.33948/1077-031-001-001. (Translated from Arabic).

KORANY, M.S. (2016). ‘Archaeological houses at Farasan: The deterioration factors and the recommendations of restoration and conservation applied on Alrufai House’, Journal of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, 7: 187–209. https://doi.org/10.33948/1643-000-007-007. (Translated from Arabic).

LIMBO, S. & PIERGIOVANNI, L. (2006). ‘Shelf life of minimally processed potatoes. Part 1. Effects of high oxygen partial pressures in combination with ascorbic and citric acids on enzymatic browning’, Postharvest Biology and Technology, 39: 254–264.

MANOUDIS, P.N., GEMENETZIS, D. & KARAPANAGIOTIS, I. (2017) ‘A comparative study of the wetting properties of a superhydrophobic siloxane material and rose petal’, Scientific Culture, 3(2):7–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.438182.

MAREY MAHMOUD, H. (2022). ‘An effective polymer nanocomposite based on tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and SiO₂–Al₂O₃ nanoparticles for super protection of damaged ancient Egyptian wall paintings’, Pigment & Resin Technology, 51(3): 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-01-2021-0013.

MAREY, H. (2009). Study of the chromatic changes of the ancient pigments in some wall paintings in Egypt and the procedures of conservation. PhD thesis. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Engineering, Greece.

MAZZEO, R., PRATI, S. & QUARANTA, M. (2008). ‘Attenuated total reflection micro-FTIR characterisation of pigment–binder interaction in reconstructed paint films’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 392: 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2126-5.

MIKAYAMA, A., HOKOI, S., OGURA, D., OKADA, K., & SU, B. (2015). ‘Effects of Drifting Sand Particles on Deterioration of Mural Paintings on the East Wall of Cave 285 in Mogao Caves, Dunhuang,’ Energy Procedia, 78:1311-1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.146

MOHIE, M.A., & KORANY, M.S. (2025). Comprehensive study of materials and techniques for the structural conservation of a Maramaldo painting on canvas from the 19th century by Eleuterio Pagliano. Pigment & Resin Technology. https://doi.org/10.1108/PRT-05-2025-0050

MOUSSA, A. (2007). Assessing the decay agents of wall paintings in Al Qurna and Wadi El-Natrun regions, Egypt. PhD thesis. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Science, Greece.

MOUSSA, A., BADAWY, M. & SABER, N. (2021). ‘Chromatic alteration of Egyptian blue and Egyptian green pigments in Pharaonic Late Period tempera murals’, Scientific Culture, 7(2):1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4465458.

MOUSSA, A.M.A., KANTIRANIS, N., VOUDOURIS, K.S., STRATIS, J.A., ALI, M.F. & CHRISTARAS, V. (2009). ‘The impact of soluble salts on the deterioration of Pharaonic and Coptic wall paintings at Al Qurna, Egypt: Mineralogy and chemistry’, Archaeometry, 51:292–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00422.x.

PORTER, B. & MOSS, R.L.B. (1970). Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. 2nd edn. Vol. 1, Part 1: Theban Necropolis. Revised by E.W. Burney. Oxford: Griffith Institute.

POULIS, J.A., MOSLEH, Y., CANSELL, E., CIMINO, D., PLOEGER, R., RENÉ DE LA RIE, E., MCGLINCHEY, C.W. & SEYMOUR, K. (2022). ‘Mechanical and physical characterization of natural and synthetic consolidants’, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 117(B): 103015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.103015.

PRASAD, S.G. & LAL, C. (2023) ‘Spectroscopic investigations of optical bandgap and search for reaction mechanism chemistry due to γ-rays irradiated PMMA polymer’, Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13(2):187. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC132.187.

RAMADAN, S., EL-KHOLY, S.A. & ELHAGRASSY, A.F. (2024). ‘Comparative study on the effect of chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles, and SiO₂-loaded chitosan for the consolidation of the painted stone’, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 70: 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.10.006.

REFAAT, F., MAREY MAHMOUD, H., EL-SABBAGH, B. & BRANIA, A. (2020). ‘Evaluating thermal and UV stability of some protective coatings for historical murals in Egypt’, Advanced Research in Conservation Science, 1(2): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.21608/arcs.2020.28415.1003

STAMBOLIYSKA, B., TAPANOV, S., VELCHEVA, E., YANCHEVA, D., ROGOZHEROV, M., GLAVCHEVA, Z., LALEV, G. & DIMITROV, M. (2021). ‘The altar wall paintings of the catholicon “The Nativity of the Virgin”, Rila Monastery, Bulgaria: Identification of the painting materials by means of vibrational spectroscopic techniques complemented by EDX, XRD and TGA analysis’, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 247, 119087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.119087.

SU, B., ZHANG, H., BINJIAN, Z., DEQIANG, J., ZHANG, R. & XIANG, T. (2018) ‘A scientific investigation of five polymeric materials used in the conservation of murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes’, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 31:105–111.

TRUJILLO-LEMON, M., JONES, M. & STANSBURY, J. (2007). ‘Hydrogen bonding interactions in methacrylate monomers and polymers’, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 83:734–746. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31448.

WÜST, R.A.J. & MCLANE, J. (2000). ‘Rock deterioration in the Royal Tomb of Seti I, Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt’, Engineering Geology, 58:163–190.